Room of Requirement
The first hint of this magical room came during the Yule Ball, when Dumbledore related how early that morning he had found a beautiful room full of a "magnificent collection of chamber pots" when his bladder was full; but later when he went back to investigate, the room had vanished [GOF23].
From Dobby, Harry learned about this room, which the house-elves called "the Come and Go Room or the Room of Requirement." This magical room was on the seventh floor opposite the tapestry of Barnabas the Barmy trying to teach trolls to dance the ballet. To make the room appear, a person had to walk past the blank wall three times and concentrate hard on what is needed. A door then magically appeared, and the room would fit that person's needs [OOTP18].
Besides Dumbledore, Fred and George had once found the room when they needed to escape from Filch (it became a broom closet), and Filch had once found extra cleaning supplies in it. When Dobby brought a drunk Winky there, the room held antidotes to butterbeer and a nice elf-sized bed [OOTP18].
Harry found the room ideal for teaching Defense Against the Dark Arts, as it had books, cushions, Dark Detectors, and even a whistle [OOTP18]. Also, after a DA meeting, Harry snogged Cho Chang in this room [OOTP21].
In Harry's sixth year, he used the Marauder's Map to see where Draco Malfoy was going. Harry eventually came to realize that the Room of Requirement and anyone inside the room didn't appear on the map because the room was Unplottable. Harry wanted to take the Felix Felicis Potion to get into the room, but Hermione probably correctly said that luck wasn't enough to get through the powerful enchantments on the room. Harry hid the Half-Blood Prince's book in the room. The Death Eaters entered Hogwarts through this room after Malfoy fixed the Vanishing Cabinet [HBP24, 25, 26, 29].
In what the 1997-1998 school year, the new Dumbledore's Army used the Room of Requirement as a headquarters, after Neville entered it to hide from the Carrows. It grew and provided more and higher quality accommodations as more members joined, and served as one end of a passageway from the Hog's Head in Hogsmeade [DH29]. During the Battle of Hogwarts, Harry determined that Voldemort had hidden his diadem horcrux in the same room in which Harry had hidden the Half-Blood Prince's book. In the ensuing battle with Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle to attain the horcrux, the Room of Hidden Things was filled with Fiendfyre. It is unknown whether the Room of Requirement is still operable, either as the Room of Hidden Things or any other form [DH31].
Though the Room of Requirement can seemingly defy the laws of physics, such as the law of conservation of matter, it is unable to provide food, since food is one of the five exceptions to Gamp's Law of Elemental Transfiguration [DH29].
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